Course: Compulsory
English-II
(1424 / 5411 /
9408)
Semester: Spring, 2024
Level:
B.A/Associate Degree
ASSIGNMENT No. 1
Q. 1 Define Academic Essay. What are its types and three main body parts?
Write the one Cause and Effect Essay about "Inflation in Pakistan".
The essay should include an explanation of the concept of inflation, its types,
three major causes and three main effects of rising inflation in Pakistan.
ANS.
Academic Essay: Definition, Types,
and Main Body Parts
An academic essay is a structured
form of writing used to explore, analyze, and discuss a particular topic or
issue. It is characterized by its formal tone, clear thesis, and systematic
approach to presenting evidence and arguments. The primary goal of an academic
essay is to communicate ideas and insights in a coherent and scholarly manner.
Types of Academic Essays:
1.
Expository
Essay: Explains a topic in a
straightforward, logical manner without the writer’s opinions.
2.
Analytical Essay: Analyzes and interprets various aspects of a subject,
breaking it down into components.
3.
Argumentative
Essay: Presents a claim or argument and
supports it with evidence and reasoning, aiming to persuade the reader.
4.
Descriptive
Essay: Provides a detailed description of
a subject, focusing on sensory details and imagery.
5.
Narrative Essay: Tells a story or recounts an event from the writer’s
perspective.
Three Main Body Parts of an Academic
Essay:
1.
Introduction: Introduces the topic, provides background information, and
presents the thesis statement outlining the main argument or focus of the
essay.
2.
Body: Contains several paragraphs that explore and elaborate on
different aspects of the topic, each paragraph supporting the thesis with
evidence, examples, and analysis.
3.
Conclusion: Summarizes the main points discussed in the essay,
restates the thesis in light of the evidence presented, and offers final
thoughts or implications.
Cause and Effect Essay:
Inflation in Pakistan
Introduction
Inflation is a critical economic
phenomenon that affects the purchasing power of money and the overall stability
of an economy. In Pakistan, inflation has been a persistent issue with
significant implications for individuals and the nation as a whole. This essay
explores the concept of inflation, its types, and delves into the primary
causes and effects of rising inflation in Pakistan.
Understanding Inflation
Inflation refers to the rate at
which the general level of prices for goods and services rises, eroding
purchasing power. It is typically measured by indices such as the Consumer
Price Index (CPI). Inflation can be categorized into several types:
1.
Demand-Pull
Inflation: Occurs when aggregate demand
exceeds aggregate supply, leading to higher prices.
2.
Cost-Push
Inflation: Results from an increase in the
costs of production, such as wages or raw materials, which businesses then pass
on to consumers.
3.
Built-In
Inflation: Also known as wage-price
inflation, it occurs when workers demand higher wages, leading to increased
production costs and further price hikes.
Causes of Rising Inflation in
Pakistan
1.
Supply Chain
Disruptions: Pakistan has experienced
significant supply chain disruptions due to both internal factors, such as
political instability and infrastructure deficits, and external factors,
including global economic fluctuations and trade restrictions. These
disruptions lead to shortages of essential goods, driving up prices and
contributing to inflation.
2.
Fiscal Deficits
and Monetary Policy: The government of Pakistan has often
relied on borrowing to finance its deficits, leading to an increase in money
supply. When the money supply grows faster than the economy’s productive
capacity, it leads to higher inflation. Additionally, loose monetary policies
can exacerbate inflationary pressures by increasing the availability of credit.
3.
Exchange Rate
Fluctuations: Pakistan’s economy is highly
dependent on imports for various essential goods. Fluctuations in the exchange
rate can lead to higher import costs. When the Pakistani Rupee depreciates
against major currencies, the cost of imported goods rises, contributing to
domestic inflation.
Effects of Rising Inflation in
Pakistan
1.
Reduced
Purchasing Power: As inflation increases, the real
value of money decreases, meaning consumers can buy less with the same amount
of money. This erodes the standard of living, particularly affecting low-income
families who spend a larger portion of their income on essentials.
2.
Increased Cost
of Living: Higher prices for goods and
services lead to an increased cost of living. For many Pakistani households,
this means having to allocate more resources to basic necessities, potentially
leading to reduced spending on other essential areas such as education and
healthcare.
3.
Economic
Uncertainty and Investment Deterrence:
Persistent inflation creates uncertainty in the economic environment.
Businesses may be hesitant to invest or expand due to unpredictable costs and
potential loss of profitability. This can stifle economic growth and reduce job
opportunities, further impacting overall economic stability.
Q. 2 Draw a flow chart based on the process of "planting a
tree".
Read the following paragraph demonstrating the method of Sequence
Writing. After reading, write down steps in following which paper is recycled?
What is the Process of
Recycling Paper?
Paper is recycled by taking it to the recycling plant where it is
separated and then the separated paper is cleaned and washed with soap to break
it down. After breaking down, it is exposed to heat and after some time it
breaks down into cellulose Recycling is an essential method to minimize waste
accumulation and reduce pollution. We can recycle old newspapers. notebooks and
used envelopes. Paper contaminated with food, carbon paper and stickers cannot
be recycled.
ANS.
Flow Chart for "Planting a
Tree"
Here’s a flow chart illustrating the
process of planting a tree:
1.
Select a Tree
Species
o
Choose a suitable tree species for
the planting site and climate.
2.
Prepare the
Site
o
Clear the area of weeds, rocks, and
debris.
o
Dig a hole that is twice as wide as
the tree’s root ball and about the same depth.
3.
Prepare the
Tree
o
Remove the tree from its container
or packaging.
o
Gently loosen any tightly bound
roots.
4.
Plant the Tree
o
Place the tree in the center of the
hole.
o
Ensure that the top of the root ball
is level with the surrounding soil.
5.
Backfill the
Hole
o
Fill the hole with soil, tamping it
down gently to remove air pockets.
o
Water the tree thoroughly after
planting.
6.
Mulch and Water
o
Apply mulch around the base of the
tree to retain moisture and suppress weeds.
o
Water regularly, especially during
the first year.
7.
Monitor and
Care
o
Check the tree regularly for signs
of pests or disease.
o
Prune as needed to encourage healthy
growth.
Steps in the Paper
Recycling Process
Based on the provided paragraph,
here are the steps in the process of recycling paper:
1.
Collect Paper
o
Gather used paper products and
transport them to a recycling plant.
2.
Separate Paper
o
Sort the collected paper based on
type and quality.
3.
Clean and Wash
o
Clean and wash the separated paper
with soap and water to break it down.
4.
Break Down
o
Expose the paper to heat, which
helps break it down further into cellulose fibers.
5.
Processing
o
After breaking down into cellulose,
the paper is processed into new paper products.
Process of Recycling Paper
1.
Collection: Gather used paper materials such as newspapers, notebooks,
and envelopes.
2.
Transportation: Transport the collected paper to a recycling facility.
3.
Sorting: Separate the paper into different grades and types.
4.
Cleaning and
Washing: Clean and wash the paper with soap
and water to remove contaminants.
5.
Pulping: Break down the cleaned paper into pulp by exposing it to
heat and mechanical agitation.
6.
Deinking: Remove any ink or dyes from the pulp, if necessary.
7.
Forming: Spread the pulp onto screens to form new sheets of paper.
8.
Drying and
Finishing: Dry the new paper sheets and roll
them into large reels for further use or sale.
9.
Distribution: The recycled paper is distributed to manufacturers for use
in new paper products.
Q. 3 Read the Unit 3. What is classification? How to write the
classification essay write the just main steps name? Illustrate the different
types of diet as a healthy food or drink to survive for the longer in age than
any other person who enjoys the Unhealthy diet in his/her life?
ANS.
What is Classification?
Classification is a method of
organizing or categorizing things into groups based on their shared
characteristics or qualities. In writing, a classification essay is a type of
academic essay that divides a broad subject into categories or groups based on
common features, and then explains and provides examples for each category.
Main Steps to Write a Classification
Essay:
1.
Choose a Topic: Select a broad subject that can be effectively divided
into categories.
2.
Develop Categories: Identify and define the categories or types within the
chosen topic.
3.
Create a Thesis
Statement: Formulate a clear thesis that
outlines the categories and explains their significance.
4.
Write the
Introduction: Introduce the topic and provide a
brief overview of the categories.
5.
Organize the
Body: Each paragraph should focus on a
different category, providing definitions, characteristics, and examples.
6.
Provide
Examples: Use specific examples to
illustrate each category and its characteristics.
7.
Write the
Conclusion: Summarize the main points and
restate the significance of the categories.
8.
Review and Edit: Check for clarity, coherence, and proper organization.
Make revisions as needed.
Illustration of Different Types of
Diets for Longevity
When considering diets that
contribute to longevity, it’s essential to compare healthy diets with unhealthy
ones. A healthy diet supports long-term well-being and increases the likelihood
of a longer, healthier life compared to an unhealthy diet. Here are different
types of healthy diets versus unhealthy diets:
Healthy Diets
1.
Mediterranean
Diet
o
Description: Emphasizes whole grains, fruits, vegetables, nuts, seeds,
olive oil, and lean proteins like fish and poultry.
o
Benefits: Rich in antioxidants, healthy fats, and fiber. Associated
with lower risks of heart disease, diabetes, and certain cancers.
2.
Plant-Based
Diet
o
Description: Focuses on consuming fruits, vegetables, legumes, nuts,
seeds, and whole grains while minimizing or eliminating animal products.
o
Benefits: Lower in saturated fats and cholesterol. Can help in
reducing obesity, high blood pressure, and diabetes.
3.
DASH Diet
(Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension)
o
Description: Includes fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins,
and low-fat dairy, while reducing sodium and saturated fats.
o
Benefits: Designed to lower blood pressure and improve heart health.
Rich in essential nutrients like potassium, calcium, and magnesium.
4.
Whole30 Diet
o
Description: A 30-day program eliminating sugar, alcohol, grains,
legumes, soy, and dairy. Focuses on whole, unprocessed foods.
o
Benefits: Aims to reset eating habits and promote overall health.
Can reduce inflammation and improve digestion.
Unhealthy Diets
1.
Fast Food Diet
o
Description: Consists of frequent consumption of processed foods high
in fats, sugars, and salt, such as burgers, fries, and sodas.
o
Risks: High in unhealthy fats and sugars, contributing to
obesity, heart disease, diabetes, and digestive problems.
2.
High-Sugar Diet
o
Description: Characterized by excessive intake of sugary beverages,
sweets, and processed snacks.
o
Risks: Can lead to weight gain, insulin resistance, and increased
risk of type 2 diabetes and heart disease.
3.
High-Sodium
Diet
o
Description: Consists of excessive consumption of salty foods like
canned soups, processed meats, and salty snacks.
o
Risks: Contributes to high blood pressure, heart disease, and
stroke.
4.
Low-Nutrient
Diet
o
Description: Focuses on foods low in vitamins, minerals, and fiber,
such as white bread, sugary cereals, and snack foods.
o
Risks: Can lead to nutritional deficiencies, weakened immune
function, and poor overall health.
Q. 4 Complete the following
cause and effect sentences:
(i). Lack of students attention to their studies
leads to_____________________.
(ii). The cotton industry in the city consumes a lot
of energy which results in__________________________.
(iii). My kids go to school on motorbike in such cold
weather which is resulting into_________________________.
(iv). Tobacco consumption by our youth is a major
cause of _________________.
(v). Since I was up all night with my sick child,
__________________________.
(vi). Because I forgot to set the alarm last night,___________________________.
(vii). I need to go to the bank since______________________________________.
(viii). There is a
forecast of heavy storm, so_______________________________.
(ix). When you complete
writing your book,______________________________.
(x). Because the cat was
frightened,____________________________________.
ANS.
(i). Lack of students' attention
to their studies leads to poor academic performance and lower grades.
(ii). The cotton industry in the
city consumes a lot of energy which results in increased carbon emissions
and higher utility costs.
(iii). My kids go to school on a
motorbike in such cold weather which is resulting in them catching frequent
colds and respiratory issues.
(iv). Tobacco consumption by our
youth is a major cause of increased incidence of respiratory diseases and
addiction problems.
(v). Since I was up all night
with my sick child, I am feeling extremely tired and unfocused today.
(vi). Because I forgot to set the
alarm last night, I woke up late and missed an important meeting.
(vii). I need to go to the bank
since I need to deposit a check and handle some financial transactions.
(viii). There is a forecast of
heavy storm, so I should prepare an emergency kit and ensure my home is
secured.
(ix). When you complete writing
your book, you should consider publishing it or seeking feedback from
peers.
(x). Because the cat was
frightened, it hid under the couch and refused to come out until it felt
safe.
Q. 5 Read Unit 5. Using appropriate transition words, compare and
contrast a cell phone and a laptop. How are both similar to each other, and how
are they different?
ANS.
Comparing and Contrasting a Cell
Phone and a Laptop
Cell phones and laptops are two of
the most commonly used electronic devices today. While they share several
similarities, they also exhibit notable differences.
Similarities
Firstly, both cell phones and
laptops are integral to modern communication. They allow users to connect with
others through various means, such as email, text messaging, and social media.
Additionally, both devices are equipped with internet connectivity, enabling
users to browse the web, access online services, and stay informed about
current events. Another similarity is their ability to run a range of
applications. For instance, both cell phones and laptops support productivity
apps like word processors and spreadsheets, as well as entertainment apps like
streaming services and games.
Differences
However, there are significant
differences between the two devices. To begin with, the primary function of a
cell phone is mobile communication. It is designed for voice calls, text
messages, and other communication features, making it highly portable and
convenient for on-the-go use. In contrast, a laptop is primarily a tool for
more intensive tasks such as writing reports, creating presentations, and software
development. Consequently, laptops generally offer larger screens and more
robust processing power, which are advantageous for complex tasks and
multitasking.
Moreover, the form factor is another
area of divergence. Cell phones are compact and designed to be carried easily
in a pocket or handbag. They are optimized for touch-screen interaction and
often include features like cameras and GPS. On the other hand, laptops are
larger and come with a keyboard and mouse or touchpad, providing a more
comfortable interface for extended typing and navigation.
Furthermore, the performance
capabilities differ between the two. While modern cell phones are quite
powerful, they typically have less processing power and memory compared to
laptops. This difference means that laptops can handle more demanding
applications and multitasking with greater efficiency. Conversely, cell phones
are designed with energy efficiency in mind, often relying on battery life that
supports a day of moderate use.
 ASSIGNMENT No. 1 Spring, 2024){kind=link}
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